So now we got Behaviorism down, we're ready to talk about the Social Cognitive perspective to how human personality develops!

This is one of the major approaches to Theories of Personality, and a perfect example of how psychology theorists build one off the other to develop perspectives and add to what has already been penned down before.

The most important theorist for this school of thought is Albert Bandura.


This confident fellow right here.

Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Personality Theory is also called a Learning Theory, just like the Behaviorist approach is.

That is because Bandura built on the work of Behaviorists.

He posited that humans do learn and develop aspects of their personality based on the principles of behaviorist types of learning (such as classical and operant conditioning). However, these are not the only elements that need to be considered in learning. There is another one: the environment is crucial in teaching the individual patterns of behavior through observational learning, without classical or operant conditioning being needed. The very familiar aspect of ‘learning through imitation’. More about that in a second.

Another, just as important aspect that Bandura added was that when any type of learning takes place, the way the individual learns is unique, because factors unique to that individual affect what is being learned. That's why two people exposed to the same stimuli that produces the same responses may not learn (or be conditioned, if you like) in the same manner.

How can that happen, if the mechanism of the learning process is the same, and the stimulus produces only one response?

The answer to that is Cognition: Each individual's thought processes intervene before, during, and after a stimulus is presented and a response is produced which will make the individual learn completely different patterns than someone else exposed to the same.

The main difference between Behaviorism and Cognitivism is that Behaviorism only looks at overt behavior while Cognitivism also looks at the thought processes in the proverbial ‘black box’ that Behaviorists refuse to look into:


Image found at Simply Psychology

Bandura called these thought processes “mediational processes” and identified four of them:
1. Motivation: The will to engage into a behavior. The individual does a cost-benefit analysis of the potential reward/reinforcement that the behavior will yield. If there aren't any, or the cost outweighs the benefit, then the person is unlikely to ‘learn’ or engage in the behavior being taught/observed.

2. Attention: As any teacher knows, if the student isn't paying attention, even the best lessons won't be learned. The individual's attention has to be attained enough for the stimulus-response/behavioral pattern to be observed and processed in their mind. If attention is not attracted, then the stimulus/response is classed as non significant and it's unlikely that the individual will learn from it.

3. Retention: Again, the best lesson means nothing if you can't remember it.

4. Reproduction: How much the individual can, or estimates they can, imitate the behavior or response to the stimulus that they are observing. If they can't reproduce it, or believe they can't reproduce it, they simply won't retain or engage in the behavior being taught.

These mediational processes vary from person to person based on various personal aspects, including genetics, culture, previous experiences, physical condition (i.e. if you are ill), and a lot more.

The important thing to remember is that all of the factors keep interacting with EACH OTHER- which means that they impact and are impacted by each other all the time, in a dynamic manner, as the individual develops:



Okay so we got Behavior and Personal factors down. How do the Environmental factors …factor in to shape personality?

By Learning by Imitation of course!

Setting aside other obvious environmental aspects that may impact personal factors (such as health), environmental factors hinge a lot on what the individuals learns by imitation, in the process called Observational Learning.

While Observational Learning happens throughout our lives, it's especially crucial when it comes to children. Children will watch how adults around them interact, how they behave, and they will imitate this behavior. That's often what is happening when children are role playing or playing with dolls.

When adults approve an imitated behavior, the child is reinforced and is likely to keep engaging in the behavior he/she imitated. If the adults disapprove of the behavior, the child is a lot less likely to do it.

Bandura demonstrated this by the now-famous Bobo Doll Experiment where he demonstrated how children learn from the behavior of adults by basically getting the crap beat out of an inflatable doll called Bobo. (Click the link. It's a nice fun video, and it'll keep me from writing even more theory in this article.)

What to consider when building a character through Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

Following the diagram you will need to determine and consider all three factors that will shape your character's personality:

1. What is the environment he/she/they grew up in? Not only in terms of culture and general setting, but also within their family: who was the person they imitated the most and why? who was the person they imitated the least and why? How many people did they start imitating/learning from as they grew up and why? Are there any behaviors they rejected and how did they learn that?

2. What are they most likely to pay attention to in terms of behaviors and patterns around them? What will be dismissed, or won't be perceived and most importantly- is there anything that would make them notice/pay attention enough to shift their behavior? And if yes, how will their behavior shift?

3. What are the individual, personal factors that will shape how they interpret the stimuli they will be learning from? From genetics to emotions to thought patterns.

By answering these questions, you are again led to not only making a fleshed out personality for your character, but a solid background story for them at the same time.

Once again- this is a personality theory ONLY. While there are a lot of elements that have a solid scientific basis, no single personality theory, including this one, can explain the sum of human personality and behavior. Psychologists use most, or even all, of the theories available as tools to better approach what the focus of their study is rather than be monoliths that only look through a single lens. Therefore DO NOT try to apply the personality theory to youself. Only use it to build your character if this theory helps your story and your narrative more than the others.


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